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Origins of JudaismThe Patriarchs and the Origins of JudaismLevel: Basic Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, known as the Patriarch, they are both physical and spiritual ancestors of Judaism. They founded the religion now known as Judaism, and their descendants are the Jewish people. Of course, technically it is wrong to refer to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as Jews, because the terms "Jew" and "Judaism" were not generally used to refer to this nation until hundreds of years after his time, however, for convenience, and in accordance with common practice, I use these terms. 
The story below is derived from written trah, Talmud, Mishra and other sources. Modern scholars have questioned the existence Patriarchs and the historical accuracy of this information, however, it is important to note that researchers have also questioned the existence of Babylon and Troy … until archaeologists found it. AbrahamAccording to Jewish tradition, Abraham was born under the name Abram in the city of Ur, in Babylon in the year 1948 from Creation (circa 1800 BC). He was the son of Terach, a merchant of idols, but from his childhood, he questioned the faith his father and sought the truth. He came to believe that the universe was the work of a single Creator, and he began to teach that belief to others. Abram tried convince his father, Terach, the folly of idol worship. One day, when Abram was left alone to mind the store, grabbed a hammer and destroyed all the idols except the largest. He put the hammer in the hands of the greatest idol. When the father returned and asked what happened, Abram said, "The idols got into a fight and one of the great broke all the others. "His father said:" Do not be ridiculous. These idols have no life and power. They can not do anything. "Abram replied," So why do you worship them? " Eventually, the only true Creator that Abram had adored called him and made him an offer: if Abraham would leave your home and your family, then God would make him a great nation and bless him. Abram accepted this offer, and the b'rit (covenant) between God and Jewish people was created. (Gen. 12). The idea b'rit is fundamental to traditional Judaism: we have a covenant, a contract with Gd, involving rights and obligations of both sides. We have certain obligations to Gd, and Gd has certain obligations to us. The terms of this b'rit became more explicit over time, until the time of giving of the Torah. Abram was subjected to ten tests faith to prove his worth to this concert. Leaving his house is one of these trials. Abram, raised as a city dweller, adopted a nomadic lifestyle, covering what is now the land of Israel for many years. Gd promised this land to the descendants of Abraham. Abraham is referred to as a Hebrew (Ivri), possibly because he was a descendant of Eber (Gen. 11), or maybe because he came from the "other side" (Eber) of the Euphrates. But Abram was concerned because he had no children and he was getting old. beloved wife of Abram, Sarai, knew she had passed childbearing years, so she offered her maidservant, Hagar, wife of Abram. This was a common practice in the region at the time. According to tradition, Hagar was a daughter of Pharaoh, given to Abraham during his trip in Egypt. She bore a son to Abraham, Ishmael, who, according with Muslim and Jewish tradition, is the forefather of the Arabs. (Gen 16) When Abram and Sarai was 100 90 Gd promised Abram a son with Sarai. Gd changed Abram's name to Abraham (father of many) and Sarai to Sarah ("my princess" and "princess"). Sarah bore Abraham a son, Isaac (in Hebrew Yitzchak), name derived from the word "laughter," expressing joy of Abraham having a son in his old age. (Gen. 17-18). Isaac was the ancestor Jewsih of the peopl. Thus, the conflict between Arabs and Jews can be seen as a form of sibling rivalry! IsaacIsaac was the theme of the tenth and most difficult test of Abraham's faith, God commanded Abraham to sacrifice Isaac as a burnt offering. (Genesis 22). This test is known in Jewish tradition as Akeidah (Link, a reference to the fact that Isaac was bound on the altar). But this test is also an extraordinary demonstration of faith Isaac himself, because according to Jewish tradition, Isaac knew he was about to be sacrificed, but he resisted and joined with his father in dedication. At the last moment, Gd sent an angel to stop the sacrifice. It is interesting to note that child sacrifice was a common practice in the region time. So for the people of that time, the amazing thing about this story is not the fact that Gd asked Abraham to sacrifice his child, but that Gd Quit! Judaism uses this story as evidence that God hates human sacrifices. Actually, I've seen some sources indicate that Abraham failed test of faith, because he did not refuse to sacrifice your son! Judaism has always strongly opposed the practice of human sacrifice, common in many other cultures at the time and place. Isaac later married Rebecca (Rivka), who gave her fraternal twin sons: Jacob (Ya'akov) and Esau. (Genesis 25). Jacob (Israel)Jacob and his brother Esau were at war with each other even before they were born. They struggled within Rebecca's womb. Esau was the Isaac's favorite, because he was a good hunter, but the more spiritually oriented Jacob was the favorite of Rebekah. Esau had little regard for the spiritual inheritance of their forefathers, and sold his birthright of spiritual leadership of Jacob for a bowl of cooked lentils. When Isaac was growing old, Rebecca tricked Jacob into intended to give Esau a blessing. Esau were angry about it, and about the birthright, so Jacob fled to live with his uncle, he met his beloved Rachel. Jacob was tricked into marrying the older sister of Rachel, Leah, Rachel later married, but also, and handmaids of Rachel and Leah, Bilhah and Zilphah. Among these four women, Jacob begat 12 sons and one daughter. After many years living and working for his uncle / father-in-law, Jacob returned to his homeland and sought reconciliation with his brother Esau He prayed to God and gave gifts to his brother. The night before he went to meet his brother, sent their wives, children, and things through the river, and was alone with Gd. That night, he fought with a man until daybreak. Like morning, Jacob demanded a blessing from the man, and man "has proved like an angel. He blessed Jacob and gave him the name "Israel" (Israel), which means "one who wrestled with God" or "Champion of God." The Jewish people are usually referred to as the Children of Israel, which means our descent from Jacob. Next day, Jacob and Esau was received by him. Children IsraelAnd Jacob fathered 12 sons: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah and Zebulun, Issachar, Dan, Gad, Asher, Naphtali, Joseph and Benjamin. They are the ancestors of the tribes of Israel, and those for whom the tribes are named. Joseph is the father of two tribes: Manasseh and Ephraim. older brothers Were jealous of Joseph, because he was the favorite of his father, and because he had visions that he would take them all out. They sell Joseph into slavery and convinced his father that Joseph was dead. But that was all part of God'slan: Joseph was taken to Egypt, where his ability to interpret visions earned him a place in Pharaoh's court, paving the way for the settlement after his family in Egypt. The Exodus and the giving of the TorahIn the course of centuries, the descendants Israel became slaves in Egypt. They suffered greatly under the hand of later Pharaohs. But God brought the Israelites out of Egypt under the leadership of Moses. God led them to a journey through the wilderness of Mount Sinai. Here, God revealed Himself to the children of Israel and offered them a great deal: if people wanted to hear God and observe His covenant, then would be the most beloved of people, a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. (Ex 19). Gd revealed the Torah to his own people, both written and oral Torah, and the whole nation replied: "All that the Eternal has spoken we will do!" According to Jewish tradition, every Jewish soul that ever was born at this moment, and agreed to be bound by this covenant. Moses, Aaron and MiriamLevel: Basic Moses, Aaron and Miriam were the leaders of the Children of Israel at a crucial moment in our history: the Exodus from Egypt and forty years of wandering in the desert before the people entered the Promised Land. An entire book could be written about the histories of these three people. In fact, four books have been written, the biblical book of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy, which tell the story of his life and times. This page can only begin to scratch the surface. The story below is derived from written Torah, Talmud, Midrash and other sources. When the information comes directly from the Bible, I have provided citations. As with the stories of the patriarchs, modern scholars question the historical accuracy of this information, however, scholars have also argued that the Torah could not have written in that time because the alphabetic script did not exist … and then, archaeologists have unearthed 4,000 years old writing samples alphabetically. MosesMoses was the greatest prophet, leader and teacher that Judaism has ever known. Indeed, one of Rambam 13 Principles Faith is the belief that Moses's prophecies are true, and that he was the greatest of the prophets. It is called a "Rabbeinu Moshe", ie Moses, our teacher and rabbi. Interestingly, the numeric value of "Moshe Rabbeinu" is 613: the number of mitzvot that Moses taught the children of Israel! He is described as the only person I ever met God face to face (Deuteronomy 34:10) and word-of-mouth (Num. 12:8), which means that Gd spoke to Moses directly, in simple language, not through visions and dreams, as Gd communicated with other prophets. Moses was born on 7 Adar in the year since 2368 Creation (circa 1400 BC), son of Amram, a member of the tribe of Levi, and Yocheved, daughter of Levi (Ex. 6:16-20). Unlike the heroes of many other ancient cultures, Moses had a miraculous birth. Amram married Yocheved, and she conceived and gave birth (Ex. 2:1-2). The only thing unusual about his birth is Yocheved age Advanced: Yocheved was born while Jacob and his family were entering Egypt, so she was 130, when Moses was born. His father named him Chaver, and his grandfather called him Avigdor, but he is known in history as Moses, one name given to him by Pharaoh's daughter. The name "Moses" comes from a root meaning "take," because Moses was taken from the river (Ex. 2:10). Some modern scholars point out that the root MSS in Egyptian means "son of", as in Ramas name (son of Ra), but it is important to note that Moses' name in Hebrew is M-Sh-H, not MSS. According to one Jewish source, Pharaoh's daughter actually named him Mini, which means 'withdrawn' Egyptian, and the name Moshe (Moses) was a Hebrew translation of the same name, as well as a Russian immigrant named Ivan might change his name to the English equivalent, John. Moses was born in a very difficult time, Pharaoh ordered all male children born to Hebrew slaves should be drowned in the river (Exodus 1:22). Yocheved hid Moses for three months, and when she could no longer hide him she put him in a little ark and placed it on the river where Pharaoh's daughter bathed (Ex. 2:2-3). Pharaoh's daughter found the child and had compassion "(Ex. 2:6). At the suggestion of the sister of Moses Mirriam's daughter Pharaoh hired Yocheved nurse Moses until he was weaned (Ex. 2:7-10). Yocheved instilled in Moses a knowledge of their heritage and a love of his people which can not be erased by the 40 years he spent at the court of Pharaoh, anti-Semitic. Little is known about the youth of Moses. The biblical narrative skips from his adoption by Pharaoh's daughter to his killing of an Egyptian taskmaster are 40 years later. A traditional story tells that when he was a child sitting on his lap Pharaoh, Moses took the crown off the head and Pharaoh put it. The magi court took it as a bad sign and demanded that he be tested: they put a brazier full gold and a brazier full of coals before him to see that he would take. If Moses took the gold, he would have to be killed. hand of an angel guided Moses "for coal, and he put in his mouth, leaving him with a speech impediment throughout life (Ex. 04:10). Although Moses was raised by Egyptians, his compassion for his people were so great that he could not bear to see them beaten by Pharaoh's taskmasters. One day, when Moses was about 40 years, he saw an Egyptian beating a slave Jewish, and he was so angry that he reached and killed the Egyptian (Ex. 2:11-12). But when his two fellow Hebrews and the Pharaoh condemned for this action, Moses was forced to flee from Egypt (Exodus 2:14-15). He fled to Midian where he met and married Zipporah, daughter of a Midianite priest (Ex. 2:16-21). They had a son, Gershom (Ex. 2:22). And Moses spent 40 years in Midian tending sheep for his father-in-law. A midrash tells that Moses was chosen to lead the children Israel because of his kindness to animals. When he was leading the sheep to a stream of water, one lamb did not come. To Moses was the little lamb and carried to the water so he could drink. Like God, Moses cared about each group, and not only on the group as a whole. This showed that he was a worthy shepherd for the flock of God. I'm sure everyone knows what happened after – if you have not read the book, then you've certainly seen the movie. Gd appeared to Moses and chose him to lead the people from slavery in Egypt and the Promised Land (Ex. Chs. 3-4). With the help of his brother Aaron, Moses spoke to Pharaoh and fired the plagues of Egypt (Ex. Chs. 4-12). He then led the people of Egypt and across the sea to freedom, and brought them to Mount Sinai where God gave the people the Torah and the people accepted (Ex. Chs. 12-24). God revealed the Torah to Moses. The Torah contains the first five books of the Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) that Moses himself wrote as God instructed. It also includes all the remaining prophecies and history that would be written in the books rest of Scripture and the entire Oral Torah, the oral tradition for interpreting the Torah, which was to be written in the Talmud. Moses spent the rest of his life writing the first five books, and essentially saying to Gd. After Moses received instruction from Gd about the Law and interpret it as, he returned to the people and began to hear cases and judge them for the people, but quickly became too much for one man. Following the advice of his father, Yitro, Moses instituted a judicial system (Ex. 18:13-26). Moses was not perfect. Like any man, he had his flaws and his moments of weakness, and that the Bible records faithfully these deficiencies. In fact, Moses was not allowed to enter the Promised Land because of a transgression (Deut. 32:48-52). And Moses was instructed to speak a rock to get water, but instead he struck the rock repeatedly with a stick, demonstrating inappropriate anger and lack of faith (Num. 20:7-13). Moses died in the year 2488, just before the people crossed into the Promised Land (Deut. 32:51). He completed writing the first five books of the Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) before he died. There is some controversy as to who physically wrote the last verses of Deuteronomy: according to some, Moses wrote this verse from a past vision of the future, but according to others, the last few lines were added by Joshua after the death of Moses. In any case, these verses, like everything in the Torah, was written by Gd, and the identity of the transcriber is not important. Moses position as leader of Israel was not hereditary. His son, Gershom, did not inherit the leadership of Israel. Moses's chosen successor was Joshua son of Nun (Deut. 34:9). Moses was 120 years old when he died (Deut. 34:7). This time is considered ideal, and has become proverbial: one way to wish a person and in Jewish tradition is to say: "May you live 120 years!" As important as Moses to the Israelites, it is always important remember that Moses himself was not the savior or redeemer of Israel. It was God who redeemed Israel, not Moses. Moses was only a prophet of God, His voice. The text Traditional Passover Haggadah did not even mention the name of Moses. In order to prevent people from idolatrous worship Moses his grave was left unmarked (Deut. 34:6). AaronAaron was the older brother of Moses. He was born in 2365, three years before Moses, before the Pharaoh's edict requiring the death of male children Hebrew. He was the ancestor of all koheins, the founder of the priesthood, and the first Kohein Gadol (High Priest). Aaron and his descendants tend to the altar and offered sacrifices. Aaron's role, unlike Moses, was inherited, his sons continued the priesthood after him (Num. 20:26). Aaron served as spokesman for Moses. As discussed above, Moses was not eloquent and had a speech impediment, so Aaron spoke for him (Ex. 4:10-16). Unlike popular belief, it was Aaron, Moses, who overthrew the team that became a snake before Pharaoh (Ex. 7:10-12). It was Aaron, not Moses, who extended your team to unleash the first three plagues against Egypt (Ex. 7:19-20; Ex. 8:1-2 or 8:5-6; Ex. 8:12-13 and 8:16-17). According to Jewish tradition, also was Aaron who performed the signs for the elderly before they go to Pharaoh (Exodus 4:30). most notable quality of Aaron's staff that he was a peacemaker. His love of peace is proverbial, Rabbi Hillel said: "To be disciples of Aaron, loving peace and pursuing peace, loving people and bringing them close to Torah." According to tradition, when Aaron heard that two people were arguing, he would go to each one and tell them how much the other regretted his actions, until the two people agreed to face each other as friends. In fact, Aaron loved peace so much he participated in the incident of the Golden Calf (Ex. 32), the construction of the idol to avoid differences among peoples. Aaron intended to buy time until Moses returned from Mount Sinai (he was late, and people were worried), to discourage people, asking them to give your precious jewelry in order to make the idol, and teach them the error of his ways in time (Ex. 32:22). Aaron, like Moses, died in the desert just before the people entered the promised land (Num 20). MiriamMiriam was Aaron and older sister of Moses. According to some sources, she was seven years older than Moses, but other sources seem to indicate that she was older than that. Some sources indicate that Miriam was Puah, one of the midwives, who rescued the Hebrew babies from Pharaoh's edict against them (Ex. 1:15-19). Miriam was a prophetess in her own right (Ex. 15:20), first woman described that form in the Scriptures (though Sarah is also regarded as a prophetess, that word is not applied to it in Scripture). According to tradition, she prophesied before the birth of Moses, her parents give birth to the person who would bring redemption to his people. Miriam waited among the reeds, while the ark of Moses was in the river, watching it to make sure that everything was fine (Ex. 2:4). When Pharaoh's daughter drew Moses out of the water, Miriam arranged for his mother, Yocheved, Moses nurse and raise him until he was weaned (Ex. 2:7-9). Miriam led women of Israel in a song and dance celebration men after the Pharaoh drowned in the sea (Ex. 15:20-21). Said to be the ancestor of other creative geniuses in the history of Israel: Bezalel, the architect of the Tabernacle (the portable sanctuary used in the desert) (Exodus 31:1-3) and David King. Traditionally, because of righteousness Miriam, a well followed the people through desert throughout their travels, and that it remained with them until the day of death of Miriam. Like her brothers, Miriam was not perfect. She took her brother Aaron speak against Moses on a matter involving an Ethiopian woman he had married (Zipporah, or possibly a second wife) (Num 12:1). They also opposed his leadership, noting that he had no monopoly on Divine Communication (Num 12:2). For this, Miriam was punished with tzaaras (An affliction generally translated as leprosy) (Num. 12:10). However, Aaron confessed in his name, and she was healed (Num. 12:11). Prophets and ProphecyLevel: Intermediate What is a prophet?Many people today think of a prophet as any person who sees the future. While the gift of prophecy certainly includes the ability to see the future, a prophet is more than just a person with this ability. The prophet is basically a spokesman for God, a person chosen by God to speak to people in the name of Gd and convey a message or teaching. Prophets were models of holiness, study and closeness to Gd. They set the standards for the entire community. The Hebrew word for prophet, Navi (Beit-Nun, Yod-Alef) comes from the term meaning sefatayim niv "Fruit of the lips," which emphasizes the role of prophet as a speaker. The Talmud teaches that there were hundreds of thousands of prophets: twice the number people who left Egypt, which was 600,000. But most of the prophets conveyed messages that were intended solely to his own generation and were not reported in Scripture. Scripture identifies only 55 prophets of Israel. Is not necessarily a prophet a man. Scripture records the stories of seven women prophets, listed below, and the Talmud reports that Sarah's prophetic ability was superior to Abraham. A prophet is not necessarily Jewish. The Talmud reports that there were prophets among the nations (mainly Balaam, whose story is told in Numbers 22), although not as high as the prophets Israel (like the story of Balaam demonstrates). And some of the prophets such as Jonah, were sent on missions to talk to the Gentiles. According to some opinions, prophecy is a gift that is conferred on persons arbitrarily, but rather is the culmination of a spiritual person and ethical development. When a person reaches a level sufficient spiritual and ethical achievement, the Shechinah (Divine Spirit) comes to rest upon him or her. Likewise, the gift of prophecy leaves the person that person lapses of his ethical and spiritual perfection. The greatest of the prophets was Moses. It is said that Moses saw all that all the other prophets combined saw, and more. Moses saw the entire Torah, including the Prophets and the Scriptures that were written hundreds of years later. All subsequent prophecies was just an expression than Moses had ever seen. Thus, it is taught that nothing in the Prophets and the Writings may conflict with the writings of Moses, because Moses saw it in advance. The Talmud says that the writings of the prophets will not need the world to come, since that day, all people will be mentally and spiritually and ethically perfect, and everyone will have the gift of prophecy. Who are the prophets of the Jewish Bible?The following list of prophets is based on Talmud and Rashi. Abraham Gen 11:26 – Gen 25:10 Isaac 21:01 – 35:29 Jacob Gen 25:21 – Ex 49:33 Moses. 02:01 – Deut. Aaron Ex 34:5. 04:14 – 33:39 Num Joshua Ex 17:09 – 14, 00:13, 32:17 – 18, 33:11, Num 11:28 – 29, 13:04 to 14:38, Deuteronomy 27:18 – 27:23. 01:38, 03:28, 31:3, 31:7, Joshua 00:29 Pinchas Ex. 06:25, Num 25:7-25:11; Num 31:6; Josh. 22:13 – Josh. 00:33; Samuel Elkanah Judges 8:28 p.m. 1:01 a.m. to 02:20 Eli Samuel 1:09 to 04:18 1:01 Samuel Samuel – I Sam I Samuel 25:1 Gad 22:05; Sam II 24 :11-19, I Chronicles 21:09 to 21:19, 29:29 07:02 Nathan Sam II – 17, 12:1 – 25. David I Sam 16:01 – I Kings 2:11 Solomon II Sam 0:24, 1 Kings 1:10 to 11:43 II Chronicles Ido 9:29, 12:15, 13:22, Micaiah son of Imlah 22:8-28 I Kings: II Kings I Chronicles 18:7-27 Obadiah 18; Ahiyah Obadiah the Shilonite I Kings 11:29-30 12 : 15, 14:2-18; 15:29 Jehu son of Hanani I Kings 16: 1-7; II Chron 19:02, 20:34 Azariah son of Oded II Chronicles 15 Jahaziel the Levite II Chronicles 20:14, the son of Eliezer Dodavahu II Chronicles 20:37 Hosea Hosea Amos Micah Amos, Amos, Micah Morashtite (father of Isaiah), Elias 5:01 p.m. to 9:29 p.m. Kings, II Kings 1:10 to 2:15, 9:36-37, 10:10, 10:17 Elisha I Kings 19:16-19, II Kings 2:01 to 13:21 Jonas Jonas Joel ben Amitai Isaiah Isaiah Joel Zephaniah Habakkuk Nahum Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Jeremiah 26:20-23 Uriah Jeremiah Jeremiah 12:22-24, Ezekiel Ezekiel Shemaiah I Kings, II Chronicles 11:2-4, Jeremiah 12:5-15 Baruch 32, 36, 43, 45 Neriah (father of Barukh) Seraiah Jeremiah 51:61-64 Mehseiah (parent of Neriah) Haggai Zechariah Malachi Haggai Zechariah Malachi Mordecai Esther Bilshan Oded (Father of Azariah) Hanani (Father of Jehu) Female Prophets Sarah Gen 11:29 to 23:20 Ex Miriam. 15:20-21, Num 12:01 to 00:15, 20:01 Deborah Judges 4:01 to 05:31 I Sam Hannah 01:01 to 02:21 Abigail I Sam 25:1 – 25:42 II Hulda Kings 22:14-20 Esther Esther Because it is not a prophet Daniel?I often Wonder why the Book of Daniel is included in the section of the Tanakh instead Writings section of the Prophets. Daniel was not a prophet? Their views were not the real future? According to Judaism, Daniel is not one of 55 prophets. His writings include visions of the future, we believe to be true, however, his mission was not a prophet. His visions of the future were never intended to be proclaimed to people, they are designed to be written for future generations. Therefore, they are not written prophecies, and are classified accordingly. Sages and scholarsLevel: Intermediate Hillel and ShammaiThese two great scholars born a generation or two before the Common Era are usually discussed together and contrasted with others, because they were contemporaries and the leaders two opposite schools of thought (known as "houses"). The Talmud records over 300 differences of opinion between Beit Hillel (the House of Hillel) and Beit Shammai (House of Shammai). In almost all these disputes, Hillel view prevailed. Rabbi Hillel was born into a wealthy family in Babylonia, but came to Jerusalem without the support your family's financial and supported himself as a woodcutter. It is said that he lived in poverty so much that sometimes he was unable to pay the admission fee to study Torah, and because of him that the fee was abolished. He was known for his goodness, his kindness and his concern for humanity. One of his most famous sayings, recorded in Pirkei Avot (Ethics of the Fathers, A Treatise of the Mishnah), is "If I am not for myself, who will be for me And if I am only for myself then what am I? And if not now, when? "The Hillel organization, a network of organizations for Jewish students, is named for him. Rabbi Shammai was an engineer, known for the accuracy of their opinions. The Talmud says that a heathen came to Shammai saying that he would convert to Judaism if Shammai could teach him all the Torah, in time he could stand on one leg. Shammai took away the measuring stick with a builder! Hillel, on the other hand, the Gentile converts, saying: "What is hateful to you, do not do to your neighbor. This is the whole Torah, the rest is commentary. Go and study it. " Rabbi Yochanan ben ZakkaiRabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai was the youngest and most distinguished disciple of Rabbi Hillel. He was called the "father of wisdom and father of generations ( scholars) "because he ensured the continuation of Jewish scholarship after Jerusalem fell to Rome in 70 AD According to tradition, was a pacifist ben Zakkai in Jerusalem in 68 AD when the city was under siege by General Vespasian. Jerusalem was controlled by the Zealots, people who would rather die than surrender to Rome (these are the same people who controlled Masada). Ben Zakkai urged surrender, but the zealots have not heard it, so ben Zakkai faked his own death and had his disciples smuggle out of Jerusalem in a coffin. They carried the coffin to Vespasian's tent, where ben Zakkai emerged from the coffin. He told Vespasian that he had a vision (Some would say, a shrewd political vision) that would soon be emperor Vespasian, Vespasian and asked to book a place in Yavneh (near modern Rehovot) where he could move his yeshiva (school) and study Torah in peace. Vespasian promised that if the prophecy came true, he would request ben Zakkai. Vespasian became Emperor and kept his word, allowing the school to be established after the war was over. The yeshiva survived and was a center of Jewish learning for centuries. Rabbi Akiba ben Joseph (ca. 15-135 CE)A poor shepherd, semi-literate, Rabbi Akiba became one of the greatest scholars of Judaism. He developed the exegetical method the Mishnah, linking each traditional practice to one based on Biblical text, and systematized the material that later became the Mishnah. Rabbi Akiba was active in the rebellion Bar Kochba against Rome. He believed that Bar Kochba the Mashiach (Messiah), though some other rabbis openly ridiculed him for that belief (the Talmud records another rabbi saying, "Akiba, grass will grow on your cheeks and still the son of David will not come.") When the Bar Kokhba rebellion failed, Rabbi Akiba was taken by the Roman authorities and tortured to death. Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi (approx. 135-219 AD)The patriarch of the Jewish community, Rabbi Judah Ha-Nasi was well-educated in Greek thought and Jewish thought. He organized and compiled the Mishnah, building on the work of Rabbi Akiba. Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchak) (1040-1105 AD),A grape producer living in Northern France, Rashi wrote the definitive comments on the Babylonian Talmud and the Bible. Rashi pulled materials with a wide variety of sources, wrote them on the order of the Talmud and the Bible for easy reference, and wrote them in such clear language, concise and simple that can be appreciated by beginners and experts alike. Almost all editions of the Talmud Printed since the invention of printing was included in the text of Rashi's commentary side- side with the Talmudic text. Many traditional Jews do not study the Bible without a Rashi commentary beside it. Rambam (Maimonides, Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon) (1135-1204 AD)A physician born in Moorish Cordoba, Rambam lived in a variety of locations throughout the lands of the Moors from Spain, the Middle East and North Africa, often fleeing persecution. He was a leader of the Jewish community in Cairo. He was strongly influenced by Greek thought, especially Aristotle. Rambam was the author of the Mishneh Torah, one of the great codes of Jewish law, compiling every imaginable topics of Jewish law to the matter in question and provide a simple statement of the prevailing view in plain language. In his own time, he was widely condemned because he claimed that the Mishneh Torah was a substitute for studying the Talmud. Rambam is also responsible for a number of important theological works. He developed the Principles of Faith 13, the most widely accepted list of Jewish beliefs. He also wrote the Guide for the Perplexed, a discussion of difficult theological concepts written from the perspective of a Aristotelian philosopher. Ramban (Nachmanides, Rabbi Moshe ben Nachman) (1194-1270 AD)Ramban halakhist was the first of his age. As Rambam before him Ramban was a Spaniard who was both a doctor and a great scholar of Torah. However, unlike the rationalist Rambam, Ramban had a strong inclination mystique. His biblical commentaries are the first to incorporate the mystical teachings of Kabbalah. He was well known for his aggressive refutations Christianity, especially his debate with Pablo Christiani, a converted Jew, before King Jaime I of Spain in 1263. Ramban could be described as an early Zionist history, because it stated that it is a mitzvah to take possession of Israel and live in it (from Num 33:53). He said: "As long as Israel occupies [the Holy Land] the land is regarded as being subject to it. "Ramban fulfilled this commandment, moving to the Holy Land during the Crusades after he was expelled from Spain his polemics. He found the devastation in the Holy Land, "but even this destruction," he said, "is a blessed land." He died there in 1270 AD Baal Shem Tov (Besht The Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer) (1700-1760 AD)The founder of Chasidic Judaism. Although many books of his teachings exist, Besht himself wrote no books, perhaps because his teachings emphasized the fact that even a simple uneducated peasant could approach God (the idea Radical in its time, when Judaism emphasized that the way to approach Gd was through the study). He emphasized the prayer, observance of the commandments, and ecstatic, personal mystical experiences. AUTHOR SAMUEL SESAN OYEDEPO About the Author my name is sesan sameul oyedepo, my e-mail address is sexo4real@yahoo.com. my mobile no: +2347056836114. for anybody that read and enjoy it should send their comment to my mail address or call me. thank you Number Girl – Num-Ami-Dabutz
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