To understand the benefits of a synchronous protocol, it helps to look first to the disadvantages of an asynchronous protocol. When a node by using an asynchronous protocol such as 802.11 wants to transmit a frame, normally only transmit the frame after the channel of the senses is idle for a period of time (called Carrier Sense Multiple Access, or CSMA). If a collision is determined, due to the lack of an acknowledgment frame, the picture is transmitted after waiting an amount of time that increases exponentially in each retransmission. In order to minimize the impact of a collision and to maximize the likelihood of a successful reception of data frame, including a collision 802.11 Optional (CA) based on a short Request-To-Send/Clear-To-Send (RTS / CTS) exchange began acting, causing hearing devices not to access these frameworks the station for a period of time. This anti-collision function can be beneficial in some situations, but comes with a large overhead and presents its own problems, and impact of these problems is much greater in a long-range outdoor system.
Some of the problems associated with signal detection (CSMA) and avoidance collision (CA) protocols include:
• Recognition of above: This is exacerbated by long-distance links because of the time propagation.
• Exponential Back-off: This is compounded in the outdoor networks, where transmissions are common due to interference, which causes latency to increase exponentially.
• "Hidden nodes ": This is a classic problem with 802.11 CSMA, where detection of signal in the transmitter non-interference in the receiver direction. This is greatly exacerbated in the outdoor networks where no obstructions and long distance between transmitters, normally, they can hear each other.
• "Exposed nodes ": This is a classic problem with 802.11 CA, where the message real-time strategy between a transmitter and receiver causes other potential transmitters become inactive when they could be successfully transmitted to a different receiver. This is largely composed of a mesh network, where normally there are many active receivers.
Roof AC •: The air collision avoidance due to the exchange RTS-CTS-Data-ACK propagation requires 4 times, resulting in large overhead on the links long distance.
• CSMA Failure: In a small office or a coffee, all stations that normally heard each, that enable them adequate carrier detection and collision avoidance. In an outdoor wireless network, many stations can not normally listen to each other, resulting in collisions that cause the nodes to experience exponential back-off.
• Ad-hoc Architecture: When connected to an access point in a small office or coffee, all communications occur between the stations and the access point (which is called infrastructure mode) and not directly between stations. This means that Most transmissions collide ever since all downlink transmissions are from a single device, the access point. In a mobile mesh network, as an ad-hoc or infrastructure mode there are many simultaneous transmitters and receivers, and all transmissions can collide.
• Injustice: Another classic problem with injustice 802.11 MAC layer, and the problem is greatly increased in the outdoor networks. Due to the increasing back-off in the broadcasting, less relay nodes are more likely to access the channel with nodes that are retransmitted. In addition, nodes that sense the channel to be idle before are more likely to have access to the channel, over long distances, this means injustice to some nodes due to its location.
These problems are basic problems with asynchronous protocols such as 802.11, and all these problems are dramatically increased outdoor wireless networks. Most people have experienced performance issues related to these issues in offices or cafes, but mesh networks outside of the impact of these problems is much greater, sometimes resulting in a collapse total MAC layer.
Why Synchronous? The most obvious reason to choose a synchronous protocol for a wireless network outdoors is to coordinate communications coverage areas. Scheduling transmissions not only improves the efficiency of spectrum use, but also improves the quality of service (QoS) through control of latency, rate control, and traffic prioritization. There are several ways to implement the transmission oil Scheduled without being synchronous, simple as voting. In fact, 802.11 includes a focal point for optional functions (PCF) using polling (and 802.11e extends this functionality with its hybrid coordination function optional). In addition, 802.11 even includes some of synchronicity in the base specification, Specifically, the time synchronization function (TSF), which allows devices to align their clocks periodically which can then be used by functions such as energy saving device can wake up periodically to sleep at the right time to see if any data for it. However, there are many reasons 802.11 is not considered a synchronous protocol. Some of the features traditionally associated with synchronous protocols such as WiMAX or SyncMesh SkyPilot protocol ™ include:
• Contention-less data transmissions: 802.11 's basic Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) usually puts the data in the fight, which means that multiple nodes can transmit simultaneously. WiMAX and transmission of data over time slots SyncMesh time, avoiding the containment of the data, allowing a bounded latency.
• Scales: DOCSIS (Standard Modem cable), WiMAX, and all include a time ranging SyncMesh function, which determines how far apart the nodes in order to compensate for the propagation of RF at the speed of light. This maximizes efficiency, since the spaces between tables below do not have to allow time for the propagation of RF. synchronous protocols that do not support going suffer from this overload and voting protocols of spreading pay the penalty twice. As the speed of light is normally considered fast, with links to long distance 10s microseconds start scoring, especially in the frame transmission times decrease at higher bandwidths and modulations.
• Time Slot recurrent grants: SyncMesh synchronous nature allows the ability to grant time slots is repeated. This means that nodes can be granted extended rights to communicate in certain time intervals, which increases efficiency. asynchronous protocols do not provide this. Newspaper time slot grants are useful to provide more classes of service for applications like voice over IP (VoIP).
• Clock accuracy: The characteristics of a synchronous protocol benefit of very accurate clocks, which means continuous adjustment of Phase between time synchronization messages (or signals an external clock source) or very frequent synchronization messages (SyncMesh performed first because it is more efficient).
These advanced MAC are just some of the advantages of using a synchronous protocol, but there is another equally important, if not more important, reason for using a synchronous protocol wireless broadband mesh antenna – a point dynamically. One of the tools more effective to use an RF engineer to improve a wireless link and to minimize the impact of a connection to others is the use of directional antennas. Benefits directional antennas are:
• Increased link budget (both in transmission and reception), resulting in further modulation and longer range.
• Decreased sensitivity to interference from external sources
• Decline interference to other systems
• Increased energy due aa-dot dot regulations in many countries
However, the challenge to the use of directional antennas is just that – they are directional, which requires manual pointing and alignment. In mesh networks, it is advantageous to have a 360-degree omnidirectional coverage. 360 ° coverage of each node provides easy installation, maximizes redundancy, and avoids systems engineering costly and time consuming mesh.
To provide a node with 360 ° coverage with directional antennas, multiple antennas are necessary, as the gain of the antennas increases the number of antennas required to provide 360 degree coverage also increases. This basic relationship applies no matter what antenna technology is used, the fixed sectors beamforming arrays – each of these antenna designs energy is concentrated energy and, with increasing the gain of the antenna, RF energy is more concentrated, decreasing the angle of coverage. And while some advanced techniques which form do not use the fixed antenna sectors, the RF energy is still focused in a particular direction, so the beam direction must be varied to provide 360 ° coverage.
Thus, most of the 802.11 mesh networks directional antennas pointing the hand, in a 360 degree coverage is not provided, and network must be designed link by link. There has been some research on antennas pointing dynamically 802.11, but the asynchronous nature prohibits the antenna targeting coordination. One of the challenges with an asynchronous protocol is that some of the transmissions should be made with omnidirectional antennas (such as request messages omni-To-Send) because transmissions are not naturally pre-coordinated. While this method may allow transmission of higher modulation of the actual data frames, which suffers from reduced amplitude, the increased interference, and increased costs due to coordination (which can be very important in an outdoor wireless system because the modulations of high and the propagation speed of light). Alternatively, an asynchronous system can simply use a directional antenna only for transmissions, and the use of an omnidirectional antenna separately for receptions. The challenge here is that the interference is a problem with the receiver, and receive an omnidirectional antenna the desired signal does not increase or reduce the interference or noise. Thus, the modulation range and link are limited due to lack of receive antenna gain. In addition, when only one side of a relationship with a directional antenna, is not usually classified as a communications point point link, and many regions limit the actual output of the link.
Using a fully synchronous protocol, as SyncMesh where coordinates all communications (including the bandwidth request opportunities and network points of entry), the antennas can be noted in both transmit and receive. This provides all the benefits of a system composed entirely of point to point, while still providing redundancy and simple installation of an omni. Although these benefits are important, there are some challenges around the creation of a synchronous mesh protocol.
To summarize so far, there are two reasons principal to use a synchronous protocol, to be held within a mesh network: MAC-level coordination and to identify directional antennas.
In this latter case, to avoid the challenges of dynamic antenna pointing, some multi-antenna systems use a separate radio for each antenna (or a subset of antennas). This has Several problems, costing the most obvious problem. Although there is now a low-cost availability of 802.11 radios, these radios have many hidden costs due to:
amplifiers •
• increased processing power and Processor interconnection
• enlarged lymph node
• increased energy consumption
However, there is a major problem with the use of multiple radios – auto-interference. Even if the radio frequencies of each used separately and use guard bands (which is not practical because of the limited number of channels in many frequency bands), all the radios interfere at some level. This can be seen by looking at a radius of 802.11 published values adjacent channel rejection, which is basically the amount of communications interference in adjacent channel do not overlap. The problems due to this self-interference is magnified by the characteristics of outdoor wireless, such as high levels of external interference and receiving weak signal due to the long links with high amounts of obstruction.
To solve the problems of cost and limited availability of channels, a number small radios are sometimes used. For example, some systems use two or three radios per node. However, a small number of radios, a small number of antennas, what it means to have very low antenna or used, or a 360 degree coverage is not provided. Both restrictions are a big problem for a mesh system outdoors.
To mitigate interference problems, the most obvious solution is to provide high levels of isolation between the radios and antennas. Traditionally, this would mean expensive filters and large amounts of physical shielding is expensive and increases the size of the node. However, it is impractical to cost effectively provide an amount sufficient isolation in a node of the mesh, taking into account different types of outdoor wireless scenarios where the signal received may be under -90 dBm while transmissions can be at +30 dBm. Next, alternate or even rejection of the channel together with the filters and physical isolation are not sufficient to provide anywhere near the required insulation level. Therefore, the interference between the radios is not addressed, and results in the modulation of binding decreased and decreased range of link, which are the two main reasons you could use a directional antenna in the first place.
Another technical problem in general with the use of a directional radio antenna is that such a system can not take advantage of airship (adaptive beamforming) antennas. directional antenna technology allows printing antenna pattern to adjust, so a radio beam can not be used because there is no fixed beams.
All these issues can be addressed by using a synchronous protocol to coordinate all transmissions so that a single radio can switch between the many antennas (or between the beam-steering pesos). And although a radio architecture may not seem have the ability to multi-radio architecture, multi-radio system can not use the additional radio capacity due to self-interference. And, true bottleneck of a mesh network is almost always at the point of injection of bandwidth (a gateway), which means the use of multiple radios in most nodes in a mesh network loses money.
Why not synchronous?
We see 'discussed the benefits of synchronous protocols and disadvantages of asynchronous protocols outdoor wireless networks, but what are the disadvantages of using a synchronous protocol? Here are some disadvantages, and possible solutions:
• The clocks must be synchronized: devices participating in a protocol synchronous, obviously, is necessary to synchronize the clocks. This can be provided in several ways, including external clock sources, such as GPS or the-air synchronization clock. SyncMesh uses a combination of the two, which takes advantage of the accuracy of GPS watches with inexpensive over-the-air synchronization.
• The clocks must be very precise: This usually requires expensive watch crystals that are accurate over a wide temperature range. SyncMesh provides a highly accurate source clock by using a calibration protocol in the air, along with an internal calibration algorithm maintains accuracy even with low-cost crystals.
• Inefficiency: Many synchronous, slotted protocols are inefficient because of its simple Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) MAC layers, which assigns fixed slots to each user. To overcome this, use SyncMesh a dynamic slot allocation scheme which assigns all slots in real time.
• Lack of interoperability with other systems. Since many outdoor wireless unlicensed frequencies leverage, multiple systems may be necessary to share the spectrum. Carrier detection systems can (in theory) to share the spectrum, to avoid the simultaneous use, while more complex synchronous systems are not understood. However, 've seen that signal detection has problems, and tweak many systems "Company detection and back-off protocols to get an unfair advantage over other spectrum users. SyncMesh spectrum handles multiple users pointing antennas – the link-budget point to point can avoid interference from other systems, while its directional nature avoids interfering with other systems.
• Complexity: synchronous systems as WiMAX are much more complex than 802.11 asynchronous systems. That is why WiMAX CPEs are more expensive than 802.11 clients, and why WiMAX base stations are much more expensive than the 802.11 access points. SyncMesh has evolved over a period of six years and runs on top of off-the-shelf 802.11 silicon, which reduces cost.
About the Author
Broadband Wireless
Wireless Mesh Network
Point to Point Communications
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Pantech Link P7040 Home/Travel Charger – Affordable and lightweight, this AC wall unit travel charger for your cellular phone is perfect for home or the office. Just plug it into any handy outlet to quickly charge your Cell Phone battery. Conveniently pocket-sized, this unit eliminates the need to carry around bulky charging units. It will rapidly charge a Cell Phone battery in about 2 hours, and its special built-in smart IC chip allows it to remain plugged into an outlet without damaging the Cell Phone battery. As an added feature, this unit can also power the phone while you talk. Compatible with NiCD, NiMH, Li-ion and polymer equipped phones. Order this quality cell phone charger today and we’ll ship it right away to your home or business for FREE! Remember – with every purchase at Wireless Emporium your satisfaction is GUARANTEED. ORDER NOW!
PRO Premium Leather Horizontal Pouch for Pantech Link P7040 – Protect your Pantech Link P7040 with class with this high quality horizontal genuine leather pouch. � Constructed from durable, high quality genuine leather � Steel-reinforced swivel belt clip allows you to rotate pouch as needed � Magnetic locking cover prevents phone from slipping out We’re confident you’ll be happy with your purchase of this leather pouch – and we have an unconditional satisfaction guarantee to back it up! We’ll even ship it to you for FREE! Don’t pay high prices at retail stores, shop with Wireless Emporium today!
